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Auditory processing disorder (APD) is a hearing problem that affects about 5% of school-aged children. Kids with this condition, also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), can’t process what they hear in the same way other kids do. This is because their ears and brain don’t fully coordinate.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout a person’s life. It affects how a person acts and interacts with others, communicates, and learns. It includes what used to be known as Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders.

A syndrome is a disease or disorder that has more than one identifying feature or symptom. Each particular genetic syndrome will have many typical features, depending on which aspects of development are affected by the abnormal genes or chromosomes.

A child might be born with obvious body deformities, abnormal organ function (for example:  heart, brain, gut, or kidney), or neurological problems (for example, when a baby’s body is floppy or the baby is unable to nurse or bottle feed).  However, many of the genetic syndromes start to take effect only once the baby has been born and is starting to feed and grow.  These babies may look and act entirely normal at birth, but then develop problems later on in life.

Mixed receptive–expressive language disorder (DSM-IV 315.32) is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expressive areas of communication may be affected in any degree, from mild to severe. Children with this disorder have difficulty understanding words and sentences.

A phonological process disorder is a form of speech disorder in which there is difficulty organizing the patterns of sounds in the brain which results in an inability to correctly form the sounds of words.

 Pragmatic language refers to the social language skills that we use in our daily interactions with others. This includes what we say, how we say it, our non-verbal communication (eye contact, facial expressions, body language etc.) and how appropriate our interactions are in a given situation.

Like stuttering, cluttering is a fluency disorder, but the two disorders are not the same. Cluttering involves excessive breaks in the normal flow of speech that seem to result from disorganized speech planning, talking too fast or in spurts, or simply being unsure of what one wants to say. By contrast, the person who stutters typically knows exactly what he or she wants to say but is temporarily unable to say it. To make matters even more confusing, since cluttering is not well known, many who clutter are described by themselves or others as “stuttering.” Also, and equally confusing, cluttering often occurs along with stuttering.

Swallowing disorders, or dysphagia, are a type of feeding disorder in which the child has physical difficulty swallowing. Swallowing is more complex than you might think: your tongue, mouth and throat muscles make more than a dozen different movements to swallow.